 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
|
 |
 |
| |
 |
 |
| |
 |
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
 |
|
|
| |
A |
|
| |
|
ANDERSON, R.C. and A.K. PRESTWOOD. 1981. Parelaphostrongylosis.
In Diseases and Parasites of White-tailed Deer, W.R.
Davidson, Ed. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee,
FL. pp. 274-308. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
ATKINSON, J.W. 1998. Food Manipulation and Transport by a
Carnivorous Land Snail, Haplotrema concavum. Invert. Biol.
117(2):109-113. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
___. 2003. Foraging strategy switch in detour behavior of
the land snail Anguispira alternata (Say). Invertebrate
Biology 122 (4):326-333. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
B |
|
| |
|
BARKER, G.M., Ed. 2004. Natural Enemies of Terrestrial
Molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxford, UK. 644pp. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
BAUR, B, and BAUR, A.1993. Climatic warming due to thermal
radiation from an urban area as a possible cause for the local
extinction of a land snail. Journal of Applied Ecology
30: 333-340. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
BIRD, J. and J.M. GARVON. 2005. Attraction of the land snail
Anguispira alternata to fresh faeces of white-tailed
deer: implications in the transmission of Parelaphostrongylus
tenuis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 83(2):358-362. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
BLINN,
W.C. 1963. Ecology of the land snails Mesodon thyroidus and Allogona
profunda. Ecology 44(3):498-505. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
BOBKOVA, M.V., O.S. TARTAKOVSKAYA, S.L. BORISSENKO, V.V. ZHUKOV
and V.B. MEYER-ROCHOW. 2004. Restoration of morphological
and functional integrity in the regenerating eye of the giant
African land snail Achatina fulica. Acta Zoologica
85:1-14. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
BOETTCHER, S.E. and P.J. KALISZ. 1990. Single-tree influence
on soil properties in the mountains of eastern Kentucky. Ecology
71(4):1365-1372. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
BROOKS, S.T. 1931. A list of the land-snails of Pennsylvania
with a summary of their distributions. Annals of the Carnegie
Museum 22 (3-4): 313-331. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
BURCH, J.B. 1955. 1962. How To Know the Eastern Land Snails.
Wm. C. Brown, Dubuque. 214 pp. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
___.
1955. Some ecological factors of the soil affecting the distribution
and abundance of land snails in eastern Virginia. Nautilus
69(2):26-29. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
___.
1990. Thomas Say’s glossary for conchology. Walkerana
4:279-306. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
C |
|
| |
|
CONEY, C.C., W.A. TARPLEY, J.C. WARDEN and J.W. NAGEL. 1982.
"Ecological studies of land snails in the Hiwassee River Basin
of Tennessee," U.S.A. Malacological Review 15: 69-106. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
D |
|
| |
|
DALLINGER, R. and W. WIESER. 1984. Patterns of accumulation,
distribution and liberation of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in different
organs of the land snail Helix pomatia L. Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C: Toxicology and Pharmacology
79(1):117-124. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
DAVISON,
A., C.M. WADE, M. CHRISTOPHER, P.B. MORDAN and S. CHIBA.
2005. Sex and darts in slugs and snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda:
Stylommatophora). Journal of Zoology, London 267:
329-338. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
DeCALESTA, D.S. 1994. Effect of white-tailed deer on songbirds
within managed forests in Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife
Management 58(4):711-718. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
DIGWEED, S.C. 1993. Selection of terrestrial gastropod prey
by Cychrine and Pterostichine ground beetles (Coleoptera:
Carabidae). The Canadian Entomologist 125: 463-472. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
DIMITRIADIS, V.K. 2001. Chapter 5: Structure and Function
of the Digestive System of Stylommatophora. Pp 237-257
in The Biology of Terrestrial Molluscs, Ed. G.M. Barker,
CABI, New York, USA. 558 pp. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
E |
|
| |
|
EISNER, T. and E.O. WILSON. 1970. Defensive liquid discharge
in Florida tree snails (Liguus fasciatus). The Nautilus
84(1):14-15. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
ELWELL,
A.S. and M.J. ULMER. 1971. Notes on the biology of Anguispira
alternata (Stylommatophora: Endodontidae). Malacologia 11(1):199-215.
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
EMBERTON, K.C. 1988. The genitalic, allozymic and conchological
evolution of the eastern North American Triodopsinae (Gastropoda:
Pulmonata: Polygyridae). Malacologia 28(1-2): 159-273.
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
___.
1991. The genitalic, allozymic and conchological evolution
of the tribe Mesodontini (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora: Polygyridae).
Malacologia 33(1-2):71-178. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
___.
1995. When shells do not tell: 145 million years of evolution
in North America's polygyrid land snails, with a revision
and conservation priorities. Malacologia 37(1):69-110. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
F |
|
| |
|
FAIRBANKS, H.L. 1986. The taxonomic status of Philomycus
togatus (Pulmonata:Philomycidae): a morphological and
electrophoretic comparison with Philomycus carolinianus.
Malacologia 27(2):271-280. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
G |
|
| |
|
GLEICH, J.G., F.F. GILBERT and N.P. KUTSCHA. 1977. Nematodes
in terrestrial gastropods from central Maine. Journal of
Wildlife Diseases 13:43-46. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
GOMEZ,
B.J. 2001. Chapter 8: Structure and Functioning of the
Reproductive System. Pp 307-330 in The Biology of Terrestrial
Molluscs, G.M. Barker, Ed., CABI, New York. 558 pp. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
GRAVELAND, J.R. 1996. Avian eggshell formation in calcium-rich
and calcium-poor habitats: importance of snail shells and
anthropogenic calcium sources. Canadian Journal of Zoology
74:1035-1044. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
GRAVELAND, J., R. van der WAL, J.H. van BALEN and A.J. van
NOORDWIJK. 1994. Poor reproduction in forest passerines from
decline of snail abundance on acidified soils. Nature
368: 446-448. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
GRIME, J.P. and G.M. BLYTHE. 1969. An investigation of the
relationship between snails and vegetation at the Winnats
Pass. Journal of Ecology 57: 45-66. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
H |
|
| |
|
HAMBURG, S.P. R.D. YANAI, M.A. ARTHUR, J.D. BLUM and T.G.
SICCAMA. 2003. Biotic control of calcium cycling in northern
hardwood forests: acid rain and aging forests. Ecosystems
6:399-406. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
HAMES, R.S., K.V. ROSENBERG, J.D. LOWE, S.E. BARKER and A.A.
DHONDT. 2002. Adverse effects of acid rain on the distribution
of the wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina in North America.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 99(17):11235-11240. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
HANLEY,
M.E., M. FENNER, and P.J. EDWARDS. 1995. An experimental
field study of the effects of mollusc grazing on seedling
recruitment and survival in grassland. Journal of Ecology 83:621-627. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
HELLER,
J. 2001. Chapter 12: Life History Strategies. Pp 413-445
in The Biology of Terrestrial Molluscs, G.M. Barker, Ed.,
CABI, New York. 558 pp. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
HOBBS, H.H. III. 1995. First record of the troglophilic terrestrial
snail Carychium exile Lea from Indiana caves (Gastropoda:
Stylommatophora: Carychiidae). National Speleological Society
Bulletin 56:104-105. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
HOTOPP, K.P. 2002. Land snails and soil calcium in central
Appalachian Mountain forest. Southeastern Naturalist
1(1):27-44. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
HUBRICHT, L. 1985. The distributions of the native land mollusks
of the eastern United States. Fieldiana: Zoology, New
Series, No. 24: 1-191. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
___.
1962. New species of Helicodiscus from the eastern
United States. Nautilus 75(3):102-108. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
___.
1951. The Limacidae and Philomycidae of Pittsylvania County,
Virginia. The Nautilus 65(1):20-22. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
I |
|
| |
|
INGRAM, W.M. 1942. Snail associates of Blarina brevicauda
talpoides. Journal of Mammalogy, 23: 255-258. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
J |
|
| |
|
JOHANNESSEN, l.E. and T. SOLHØY. 2001. Effects of experimentally
increased calcium levels in the litter on terrestrial snail
populations. Pedobiologia 45(3):234-242. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
JORDAENS,
K., T. BACKELJAU, P. ODINA, H. REISE and R. VERHAGEN. 1998.
Allozyme homozygosity and phally polymorphism in the land
snail Zonitoides nitidus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). Journal
of Zoology 246:95-104. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
K |
|
| |
|
KADO, Y. 1960. Studies on shell formation in molluscs. Journal
of Science of Hiroshima University 19:163-210. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
KERNEY, M.P. and R.A.D. CAMERON. 1979. A Field Guide to
the Land Snails of Britain and North-west Europe. Collins,
London. 288 pp. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
KOENE,
J. M. and R. CHASE. 1998. Changes in the reproductive system
of the snail Helix aspersa caused by mucus from the love
dart. Journal of Experimental Biology 201: 2313-2319. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
L |
|
| |
|
LEADY, B.S. and J.F. GOTTGENS. 2001. Mercury accumulation in
sediment cores and along food chains in two regions of the Brazilian
Pantanal. Wetlands Ecology and Management 9:349-361.
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
LLOYD,
M. 1967. Numerical observations on movements of animals
between beech litter and fallen branches. Journal of
Animal Ecology 36:1-30. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
M |
|
| |
|
MACKENSTEDT,
U. and K. MÄRKEL. 2001. Chapter 4: Radular Structure
and Function, Pp 213-236 in The Biology of Terrestrial
Molluscs, Ed. G.M. Barker, CABI, New York, USA. 558 pp. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
MacMILLAN, G.K. 1950. The occurrence of Hendersonia occulta
(Say) in Pennsylvania. Proceeedings of the Pennsylvania
Academy of Science 24:113-115. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
MARTIN, A.C., H.S. ZIM and A.L. NELSON. 1951. American Wildlife
and Plants: A Guide to Wildlife Food Habits. Dover, New
York. 500 pp. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
MASON,
C.F. 1970. Snail populations, beech litter production, and
the role of snails in litter decomposition. Oecologia 5:215-239. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
MAZE, R.J. and C. JOHNSTONE. 1984. Gastropod intermediate hosts
of the meningeal worm Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in Pennsylvania:
observations on their ecology. Canadian Journal of Zoology
64:185-188. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
McCRACKEN,
G.F. and P.F. BRUSSARD. 1980. Self-fertilization in the white-lipped
snail Triodopsis albolabris. Biological Journal
of the Linnaean Society 14:429-434. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
N |
|
| |
|
NEKOLA, J.C. 1999. Terrestrial gastropod richness of carbonate
cliff and associated habitats in the Great Lakes Region of North
America. Malacologia 41(1):231-252. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
___
and M. BARTHEL. 2002. Morphometric analysis of Carychium
exile and Carychium exiguum in the Great Lakes
region of North America. Journal of Conchology 37(5):515. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
P |
|
| |
|
PARKARINEN, E. 1994. The importance of mucus as a defence
against carabid beetles by the slugs Arion fasciatus
and Deroceras reticulatum. Journal of Molluscan
Studies 60:149-155. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
PARKER, G.R. 1966. Moose disease in Nova Scotia; gastropod-nematode
relationship. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Acadia University,
Wolfville, N.S. 126 pp. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
PEARCE, T.A. and A. GAERTNER. 1996. Optimal foraging and mucus-trail
following in the snail-eating snail Haplotrema concavum
(Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Malacological Review 29:85-99. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT of CONSERVATION and NATURAL RESOURCES.
2005. Forests: Lack of Regeneration. (www.dcnr.state.pa.us/wlhabitat/forest/forest_regen.htm).
Online report accessed 12/26/05. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
PILSBRY, H.A. 1940. Land Mollusca of North America (North
of Mexico), Vol. 1, Part 2. Monograph No. 3, Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, PA. 994 pp. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
___.
1946-1948. Land Mollusca of North America. Monograph of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 3(2).
1102 pp. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
R |
|
| |
|
REGOLI, F., S. GORBI, D. FATTORINI, S. TEDESCO, A. NOTTI,
N. MACHELLA, R. BOCCHETTI, M. BENEDETTI and F. PIVA. 2006.
Use of the land snail Helix aspersa as a sentinel organism
for monitoring ecotoxicologic effects of urban pollution:
an integrated approach. Environmental Health Perspectives
114(1). |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
RIMMER, C.C., K. P. McFARLAND, D. C. EVERS, E. K. MILLER,
Y. AUBRY, D. BUSBY, and R. J. TAYLOR. 2005. Mercury levels
in Bicknell's thrush and other insectivorous passerine birds
in montane forests of the northeastern United States and Canada.
Ecotoxicology 14:223-240. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
ROTH, B. 1991. A phylogenetic analysis and revised classification
of the North American Haplotrematidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata).
American Malacological Bulletin, 8: 155-163. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
S |
|
| |
|
SCHEIFLER, R., C, SCHWARTZ, G. ECHEVARRIA, A. de VAUFLEURY,
P.-M. BADOT and J.-L. MORE. 2003a. "Nonavailable" soil cadmium
is bioavailable to snails: evidence from isotopic dilution
experiments. Environmental Science and Technology 37(1):81-86. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
SCHILTHUIZEN,
M. 2005. The darting game in snails and slugs. Trends
in Ecology and Evolution 20(11): 581-584. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
SOLEM, A. 1972. Microarmature and barriers in the aperture
of land snails. The Veliger 15(2):81-87. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
SPEISER,
B. 2001. Chapter 6: Food and feeding behavior, pp. 259-
288 in The Biology of Terrestrial Molluscs, Ed. G.M. Barker,
CABI, New York, USA. 558 pp. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
STRÖM, L. 2004. Long-term effects of riparian clear-cutting
– richer land snail communities in regenerating forests.
Unpublished M.S. thesis, Umeå University, Sweden. 23
pp. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
SUOMINEN, O. 1999. Impact of cervid browsing and grazing on
the terrestrial gastropod fauna in the boreal forests of Fennoscandia.
Ecography 22:651-658. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
SUOMINEN,
O., K. DANELL and R. BERGSTRÖM. 1999. Moose, trees and ground-living
invertebrates: indirect interactions in Swedish pine forests.
Oikos 84:215-226. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
SUVOROV, A.N. 1993. Some aspects of functional morphology
of the aperture in the Pupillina suborder (Gastropoda Pulmonata).
Ruthenica 3:141–152. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
___.
1999. Functional interrelations between aperture structures
and soft organs in lower Geophila: 1. Pupillina, Oleacinina.
Russian Journal of Zoology 3:5–15. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
SYMONDSON, W.O.C. 2004. Chapter 2: Coleoptera (Carabidae,
Staphylinidae, Lampyridae, Drilidae and Silphidae) as predators
of terrestrial gastropods, pp. 37-84 in Natural Enemies
of Terrestrial Molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxford, UK.
644pp. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
U |
|
| |
|
UPSHALL, S.M., M.D.B. BURT and T.G. DILWORTH. 1985. Parelaphostrongylus
tenuis in New Brunswick: the parasite in terrestrial gastropods.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 22(4):582-586. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
V |
|
| |
|
VALOVIRTA, I. 1968. Land mollusks in relation to acidity on
hyperite hills in central Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici
5:245-253. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
VESTERDAHL, L. and K. RAULAND-RASMUSSEN. 1998. Forest floor
chemistry under seven tree species along a soil fertility
gradient. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28:1636-1647. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
W |
|
| |
|
WARDLE, D.A., G.M. BARKER, G.W. YEATES, K.I. BONNER and A.
GHANI. 2001. Introduced browsing mammals in natural New Zealand
forests: aboveground and belowground consequences. Ecological
Monographs 71:587-614. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
WÄREBORN, I. 1992. Changes in the land mollusc fauna
and soil chemistry in an inland district in southern Sweden.
Ecography 15: 62-69. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
WURTZ,
C.B. 1940. New state and county records of land-snails in
Pennsylvania. Nautilus 53(3): 84-88. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
Y |
|
| |
|
YANAI, R.D., T.G. SICCAMA, M.A. ARTHUR, C.A. FEDERER, and
A.J. FRIEDLAND. 1999. Accumulation and depletion of base cations
in forest floors in the Northeastern United States. Ecology
80(8):2771-2787. |
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
Content
for this website is written by Ken Hotopp, Principal of Appalachian
Conservation Biology, and edited by Tim Pearce, Head of the
Carnegie Museum of Natural History’s Section of Mollusks.
The website was developed by Cathy Klingler, CMNH Website Manager.
Snail images are by Ron Lutz II, Larry Watrous and Ed Thompson.
Cite
as:
Hotopp, K.P., and T.A. Pearce. 2005. Land Snails of Pennsylvania.
Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. http://www.CarnegieMNH.org/mollusks/lsp |
|
| |
|
|
|