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June 8, 2022

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Bizarre Meat-Eating Dinosaur Joins “Rogues’ Gallery” of Giant Predators from Classic Fossil Site in Egypt’s Sahara Desert

Fossil Reveals First Evidence of Abelisaurid Dinosaurs Found in Bahariya Oasis
 
Carnivorous Dinosaur Group Known for Bulldog-like Faces, Tiny Arms, and Small Teeth

Illustration of dinosaurs in a desert oasis
Reconstruction of the ecosystem of the Bahariya Oasis in the Sahara Desert of Egypt approximately 98 million years ago, showing the diversity of large theropods (predatory dinosaurs). The newly discovered, as-yet unnamed abelisaurid (right) confronts Spinosaurus (left center, with lungfish in jaws) and Carcharodontosaurus (right center), while two individuals of the crocodilian Stomatosuchus (left) look on. In the background, a herd of the sauropod (giant, long-necked herbivorous dinosaur) Paralititan (left) warily regard these predators and two individuals of another theropod, Bahariasaurus (far right), while a flock of a still-unnamed pterosaur (flying reptile) soars above. The vegetation is dominated by the mangrove-like tree fern Weichselia. Image by Andrew McAfee, Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 

[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania] — An Egyptian-American team of researchers has announced the discovery of a new kind of large-bodied meat-eating dinosaur, or theropod, from a celebrated fossil site in Egypt’s Sahara Desert. The fossil of a still-unnamed species provides the first known record of the abelisaurid group of theropods from the Bahariya Formation, a rock unit in the Bahariya Oasis that dates to the middle Cretaceous Era (approximately 98 million years ago). In the early 20th century, this locality famously yielded the original specimens of a host of remarkable dinosaurs—including the colossal sail-backed fish-eater Spinosaurus—which were then destroyed in World War II. Abelisaurid fossils had previously been found in Europe and in many of today’s Southern Hemisphere continents, but never before from the Bahariya Formation. The team describes the Bahariya abelisaurid discovery in a paper published today in Royal Society Open Science. 
 
The study was led by Belal Salem of the Mansoura University Vertebrate Paleontology Center (MUVP) in Mansoura, Egypt, who is also a graduate student at Ohio University and a faculty member at Benha University. The research team also included Dr. Matt Lamanna, Mary R. Dawson Associate Curator and Head of Vertebrate Paleontology and lead dinosaur specialist at Carnegie Museum of Natural History (CMNH); Dr. Patrick O’Connor, Professor of Biomedical Sciences at Ohio University; Sanaa El-Sayed, a doctoral student at the University of Michigan and the MUVP’s former vice director; Dr. Hesham Sallam, a professor at the American University in Cairo (AUC) and Mansoura University and the founding director of the MUVP; and additional colleagues from Benha University and the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency. CMNH Vertebrate Paleontology Scientific Illustrator Andrew McAfee produced or assisted with most of the illustrations in the paper.

Person sitting at a desk holding a fossil
Study leader Belal Salem of the Mansoura University Vertebrate Paleontology Center (MUVP), Ohio University, and Benha University examines the roughly 98-million-year-old abelisaurid theropod neck vertebra discovered from the Bahariya Oasis that forms the basis of the new study. Photo by Hesham Sallam, American University in Cairo/MUVP. 

The fossil in question, a well-preserved vertebra from the base of the neck of a theropod, was recovered by a 2016 MUVP expedition to the Bahariya Oasis. The vertebra belongs to an abelisaurid, a kind of bulldog-faced, small-toothed, tiny-armed theropod that is estimated to have been roughly six meters (20 feet) in body length. Abelisaurids—most notably represented by the horned, demonic-looking Patagonian form Carnotaurus of Jurassic World and Prehistoric Planet fame—were among the most diverse and geographically widespread large predatory dinosaurs in the southern landmasses during the Cretaceous Period, the final time period of the Age of Dinosaurs. Along with Spinosaurus and two other giant theropods (Carcharodontosaurus and Bahariasaurus), the new abelisaurid fossil adds yet another species to the cadre of large predatory dinosaurs that roamed what is now the Egyptian Sahara roughly 98 million years ago. 
 
“During the mid-Cretaceous, the Bahariya Oasis would’ve been one of the most terrifying places on the planet,” says Salem. “How all these huge predators managed to coexist remains a mystery, though it’s probably related to their having eaten different things, their having adapted to hunt different prey.”

fossil vertebra
The abelisaurid neck vertebra from the Bahariya Oasis, Egypt that constitutes the first record of this dinosaur group from that classic fossil locality. The bone is shown in anterior view. Photo by Belal Salem, Mansoura University Vertebrate Paleontology Center/Ohio University/Benha University.

The new vertebra holds implications for the biodiversity of Cretaceous dinosaurs in Egypt and the entire northern region of Africa. It is the oldest known fossil of Abelisauridae from northeastern Africa, and shows that, during the mid-Cretaceous, these carnivorous dinosaurs ranged across much of the northern part of the continent, east to west from present day Egypt to Morocco, to as far south as Niger and potentially beyond. Spinosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus are also known from Niger and Morocco, and a close relative of Bahariasaurus has been found in the latter nation as well, suggesting that this fauna of large to gigantic theropods coexisted throughout much of northern Africa at this time.
 
The Site
 
The Bahariya Oasis is renowned within paleontological circles for having yielded the type specimens (the original, first-discovered, name-bearing fossils) of several extraordinary dinosaurs during the early 20th century, including, most famously, Spinosaurus. Unfortunately, all Bahariya dinosaur fossils collected prior to World War II were destroyed during an Allied bombing of Munich in 1944.
 
As a graduate student in the early 2000s, study co-author Matt Lamanna helped make the first dinosaur discoveries from the oasis since that infamous air raid, including the gargantuan sauropod (long-necked plant-eating dinosaur) Paralititan. “The Bahariya Oasis has taken on near-legendary status among paleontologists for having produced the first-known fossils of some of the world’s most amazing dinosaurs,” says Lamanna, “but for more than three quarters of a century, those fossils have existed only as pictures in old books.”

A group of people posing for a selfie in the desert
A Mansoura University Vertebrate Paleontology Center (MUVP) team exploring the Bahariya Oasis in 2018, including several authors of the new paper: Hesham Sallam (closest to camera), Sanaa El-Sayed (far left), and Belal Salem (farthest from camera). Photo by Hesham Sallam, American University in Cairo/MUVP.

Thankfully, discoveries made during recent expeditions led by researchers from AUC and MUVP—such as the new abelisaurid vertebra—are helping to restore the paleontological legacy of this classic site. These expeditions have recovered a wealth of additional fossils that the researchers plan to unveil in the near future.
 
As team member Sanaa El-Sayed, who co-led the 2016 expedition that collected the abelisaurid vertebra, explains, “this bone is just the first of many important new dinosaur fossils from the Bahariya Oasis.” 
 
The Bahariya Formation holds promise to shed further light on mid-Cretaceous African dinosaurs and the vanished ecosystems in which they once lived. Unlike more thoroughly explored rocks of the same age in Morocco that tend to yield isolated bones, the Bahariya Formation appears to preserve partial skeletons of dinosaurs and other land-living animals with a relatively high degree of frequency. The more bones that are preserved within the skeleton of a given fossil vertebrate species, the more paleontologists can generally learn about it. The propensity of the Bahariya Oasis for producing associated partial skeletons suggests that much remains to be learned from this historic locality.
 
“In terms of Egyptian dinosaurs, we’ve really just scratched the surface,” notes Hesham Sallam. “Who knows what else might be out there?”

Fossil vertebra set next to a pen for scale
The abelisaurid neck vertebra, approximately 98 million years old, as it was found in the field in the Bahariya Oasis during the 2016 Mansoura University Vertebrate Paleontology Center (MUVP)/Carnegie Museum of Natural History expedition funded by the National Geographic Society. Photo by Sanaa El-Sayed, University of Michigan/MUVP.

One Fossil
 
How can the discovery of a single neck vertebra lead researchers to conclude that the fossil belongs to a member of Abelisauridae, a kind of carnivorous dinosaur that has never been found in the Bahariya Formation before? The answer is remarkably simple: it is virtually identical to the same bone in other, better-known abelisaurids such as Carnotaurus and Viavenator from Argentina and Majungasaurus from Madagascar. Additionally, Belal Salem and his collaborators conducted a computer-based evolutionary study—known as a cladistic analysis—that confirmed the placement of the species represented by the new vertebra within Abelisauridae. As co-author Patrick O’Connor, who in 2007 published an exhaustive study of the vertebral anatomy of the abelisaurid Majungasaurus, explains, “I’ve examined abelisaurid skeletons from Patagonia to Madagascar. My first glimpse of this specimen from field photos left no doubt about its identity. Abelisaurid neck bones are just so distinctive.”
 
Research on the new abelisaurid vertebra was supported by a grant to Matt Lamanna from the National Geographic Society’s Committee for Research and Exploration, grants to Hesham Sallam from Mansoura University and the American University in Cairo intramural grant program, and a grant to Patrick O’Connor from the National Science Foundation.

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