Invertebrate Zoology

In recent years, hundreds of specialists worldwide have borrowed multiple thousands of specimens from the collection for research purposes. One of the greatest services the Section of Invertebrate Zoology makes to scientific research is by lending specimens from its collection to qualified persons for study and identification. Lending rates have increased greatly over the history of the museum.

The use of specimens from the collection, borrowed or otherwise, is governed by a general policy.

1. Specimens are loaned only for scientific studies intended for publication or for authoritative determination.
2. Specimens may be borrowed by any knowledgeable biologist (with or without institutional affiliation) as approved by the curator in charge. Student loans are made to the supervising advisor.
3. Loans are made for a duration of two years, may not be transferred or forwarded to third parties, may be renewed on request, and may be recalled at any time. Type specimens are loaned for three months.
4. Borrowers must promptly acknowledge reception of mailed loans, report the status of loans on request, note changes of address, and send reprints of publications resulting from research on Carnegie specimens.
5. Borrowers are responsible for the integrity of borrowed specimens.
6. Individual identification labels should always be placed on specimens that will be mentioned in systematic publications. The preferred institutional abbreviation is CMNH.
7. Borrowers will pay for shipment when returning specimens. Type specimens should be returned by registered mail and be packed in a compartment or container separate from other specimens.
8. Specimens intended as types for new taxa, or designated as types for previously named taxa, should be clearly labelled. Names or taxonomic changes written on labels and not yet published when specimens are returned should be clearly described in correspondence.
9. Photographs or facsimiles of Carnegie specimens may be used only for scientific publication. Other uses require special permission.
10. Specimens may be permanently retained only by systematic specialists seeking to increase the diversity of their comparative collections, and only in taxa on which they will continue to publish. When possible, exchange of Carnegie Museum of Natural History specimens for species not in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History collection is expected. Other arrangements must be made by special request.

The following specimens MAY NOT BE RETAINED:

1. Type specimens of any kind, except secondary types of taxa described by the borrower.
2. Specimens not authoritatively identified to species level.
3. Specimens already accurately determined by another specialist.
4. Best male and female of any species, or two best of each sex for Lepidoptera and Odonata.
5. More than one third of the identified Carnegie Museum of Natural History specimens for that species, and IN ANY CASE more than five specimens of any given species.

If possible, retained specimens should bear label data similar to those returned to Carnegie Museum of Natural History. A retained specimen subsequently designated as a primary type must be returned to Carnegie Museum of Natural History.

IMPORTANT: Specimens with labels bearing Carnegie Museum numbers (accession, catalogue, or unique identification) may only be retained if other retention criteria are met and a written list of such numbers is returned to the curator in charge at Carnegie Museum of Natural History.

Issues not clearly addressed by this policy may be settled by contacting curatorial staff by phone, letter, or email. Please request data and specimen loans in writing. Requests received by mail or fax receive priority over those received by email, but either type of written communication is welcome.

Please direct inquiries as follows:

Most requests: James Fetzner Jr.
FetznerJ@CarnegieMNH.Org

Coleoptera: Robert Davidson
DavidsonR@carnegiemnh.org

Written requests should be addressed to:

Invertebrate Zoology
Carnegie Museum of Natural History
4400 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA 15213-4080 U.S.A.
412.622.3259
412.688.8670 (fax)

The Section of Invertebrate Zoology uses its resources to offer a variety of research and identification services related to environmental conditions.

The entomological collections at Carnegie Museum of Natural History are the continuation of a dream first envisioned by the museum’s early director, William Jacob Holland which was carried through by his successor, Andrey Avinoff. The collection’s historical strength in Lepidoptera results directly from having had these active lepidopterists as influential directors for over half of the museum’s existence.

Holland was America’s great popularizer of butterflies and moths in the first half of this century. Holland’s Butterfly Book (1898) and Moth Book (1903) are both still widely used. Holland established the entomological holdings of Carnegie Museum by the donation of his private collection exceeding 250,000 specimens. He supported active collectors worldwide, obtaining major collections from previously uncollected regions between 1890 and 1930 through the efforts of W. Doherty, H.H. Smith, H.L. Weber, J. Steinbach, S.M. Klages, and many others.

Under Holland’s directorship, curator Hugh Kahl was responsible for the curation and arrangement of the insect collection in the Section of Insects and Spiders until 1940, with a special emphasis on dragonflies.

During Avinoff’s tenure as director in the 1930s and the 1940s, the entomological curators were lepidopterist Walter Sweadner and hymenopterist George Wallace. Sweadner was the first person to attempt comprehensive curation of the already vast Lepidoptera collection and conducted fundamental research on geographical variation and speciation in wild silkworm moths from the western United States.

After Sweadner, Harry Clench became curator and became a leading worker on lycaenid butterflies with a special interest in Caribbean taxa. Clench overlapped with another lepidopterist in the 1960s, curator Richard Fox, who published on African and Neotropical butterflies, especially the delicate but diverse ithomiines from South America.